Cashless Society Essays - Payment Systems, E-commerce, ISO Standards

Cashless Society One article that caught my attention recently was one presented in the November 21, 1998 issue of The Economist. The article was about a cashless society and how well alternative forms of tender were catching on. According to the article, some forms of the smart card haven't caught on as well as expected. Smart cards have information embedded in them, essentially allowing a consumer to purchase things quickly and conveniently. It was the hope that these cards would supplant paper and coin money forever. However, that has not been the case. Smart cards do exits, however. In the article, it is mentioned that smart cards with chips embedded in them allowed a customer to quickly swipe the card through the reader. Thirty-two cents is then deducted. Simple and easy, right? Well, it hasn't caught on. One of the main reasons that smart cards have struggled a bit is that it has competition in the form of current debit cards. People can purchase anything they desire with these cards already. Therefore, there wouldn't be any added value of having a debit card. A survey of 2,400 North Americans by Smart Card Forum gives some interesting results. According to the survey, more than three-quarters would have liked to have a card that stored vital medical and car-related information. Less than half wanted a card that they could use to purchase things with. Another problem facing smart cards is compatibility. Current smart cards utilize only on a small range of readers. For example, a smart card for parking meters in Boston would not work for ones in New York. And since local governments control those areas of jurisdiction, it has to take a national effort to make it work. This means that the U.S. government must implement and lead the way. When this happens, then we will truly see the fall of paper and coin money.

Free Essays on Overall Changes In Democracy

are joined together to form democracy, literally meaning, "rule by the people" (Pious). The Greek system of government was perhaps closer to a true democracy or rule by the people than any other in history. Democracy nowadays is a word much used and even more misused. It has many meanings and has turned up in surprising placesthe Spain of General Franco, the Greece of the colonels, the Pakistan of the generals, the Eastern Europe of the commissarsusually prefaced by some qualifying adjective such as "guided," "basic," "organic," "popular," or the like, which serves to dilute, deflect, or even to reverse the meaning of the word. Chapter 2 Origins of Democracy The Greeks viewed dictatorship as the worst possible form of government, so their government evolved as the exact opposite. Their civilization was broken down into small city-states (never more than 10,000 citizens), and all the men voted on all issues of government. There were no representatives in the Greek system of government. Instead, they ruled themselves directly; each man was a life long member of the decision making body. This was almost a total democracy except for the fact that women and slaves (over 50% of the population) were not considered citizens and were not allowed to vote. Despite this, no other civilization has come as close to democracy as its creators, the Greeks, and many later civilizations have incorporated this Greek idea as part of the foundation for their government (Lee; Lefebvre). The Romans used ideas of democracy similar to that of the Greeks, though not to the same extent. The Roman Empire (509-27 BC) took some of thei... Free Essays on Overall Changes In Democracy Free Essays on Overall Changes In Democracy The word "democracy," as well as the concept it represents, can be traced back to the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The beginnings of democracy can be credited to the Greeks of the sixth century BC. The word comes from two Greek words: demos, meaning "the people," and kratein, meaning "to rule." These two words are joined together to form democracy, literally meaning, "rule by the people" (Pious). The Greek system of government was perhaps closer to a true democracy or rule by the people than any other in history. Democracy nowadays is a word much used and even more misused. It has many meanings and has turned up in surprising placesthe Spain of General Franco, the Greece of the colonels, the Pakistan of the generals, the Eastern Europe of the commissarsusually prefaced by some qualifying adjective such as "guided," "basic," "organic," "popular," or the like, which serves to dilute, deflect, or even to reverse the meaning of the word. Chapter 2 Origins of Democracy The Greeks viewed dictatorship as the worst possible form of government, so their government evolved as the exact opposite. Their civilization was broken down into small city-states (never more than 10,000 citizens), and all the men voted on all issues of government. There were no representatives in the Greek system of government. Instead, they ruled themselves directly; each man was a life long member of the decision making body. This was almost a total democracy except for the fact that women and slaves (over 50% of the population) were not considered citizens and were not allowed to vote. Despite this, no other civilization has come as close to democracy as its creators, the Greeks, and many later civilizations have incorporated this Greek idea as part of the foundation for their government (Lee; Lefebvre). The Romans used ideas of democracy similar to that of the Greeks, though not to the same extent. The Roman Empire (509-27 BC) took some of thei...

Importance of magwitch in Great expectations Essays

Importance of magwitch in  Great expectations Essays Importance of magwitch in  Great expectations Paper Importance of magwitch in  Great expectations Paper Essay Topic: Great Expectations In Great Expectations, magwitch is not always nice. He is described by pip as a convict, and as a violent man He speaks rudely to Pip Keep still, you little devil, or Ill cut your throat! and yet the readers like him. His character is mean yet in someway sensitive and nice. He is violent and mean to Pip yet doesnt do anything to harm him physically. Dickens is ever so clever in the way he keeps us on Magwitchs side right from the begging of the novel, even though Magwitch s clearly presented as the villan at first. Dickens had been very poor when he was young, and had even spent time in a workhouse, his father was also imprisoned, so he knew people like Magwitch very well and he knew that sometimes a person could be driven to do bad things, but still have a heart of gold. Even though the play is written in the 1st person, magwitch shares the leading role with Pip and gradually becomes the favourite character when he is presented again in chapter 39.His presentation in chapter 1 is vi vid and his character is memorable and when he re-appears in chapter 39, the readers realise that it is actually my convict who enables pip to achieve his great Expectations. Magwitch plays a major role in this story, and as it goes on, he starts to become the main character. Although pip is narrating this story, he somehow bases the story around magwitch on his last days and this enables the audience to know him much better. This makes the audience feel sympathy towards Magwitch as they feel they have misjudged him right from the start. Dickens is clever in the way he does this because on Magwitchs and pips 1st encounter, nobody would have thought he could have turned out to be the person he is in chapter 39. He completely alters the readers expectations. Through his characterisation, Dickens shows the audience that criminals like magwitch do the things they do for a reason and deep inside they are actually noble people. Through magwitch, the readers can see that crime was dealt with very harshly during Victorian times. Although Magwitchs crime is rarely mentioned in the novel, we get an Idea of it because of the brutality of his punishment. He is sent to prison and when he escapes, is given no chances and straight away sent to the hulks. Hulks are prison-ships, right cross th meshes. Explains Mrs. Jo to Pip. The hulks were old ships used for prisons. Magwitch was sent to Australia. No one seemed surprised to see him as he entered in what looked like the wicked Noahs ark which meant that his life of crime was known by many and people were used to the type of person he was. He is slowly and calmly taken away by the massive rusty ship and in no time dis-appears into the darkness as if it were all over with him. Pip narrates this with no concern in his voice which shows that in England at that time, everyone knew the punishment they would get if they did a crime. He doesnt in the time he explains of the hulks stop and say to himself how harsh or brutal my convict was being treated which shows just how used to it every one was. It is however not the same for the reader who is at this moment starting to feel sorry for Magwitch as he shows no signs of struggle or regret which shows just how innocent he is. He is taken off to Australia. Australias role in the novel is minimal and is simply there so the character of Magwitch has somewhere to go and make a big and surprising entrance in chapter 39 just like he did in chapter 1. When magwitch sneaks back to England, he tells Pip that hes there illegally. I was sent for life. Its death to come back. This tells us that England was really harsh but criminals understood and accepted that law. At the beginning of the novel, Magwitch is used to create tension and get the readers attention and get them interested in the story. His tone towards pip keeps the reader wanting to read on because they dont know what is going to happen to pip on the next page if they close the book. Hold your noise! cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the graves. This keeps the readers reading on and wondering what will happen next. Keep still, you little devil, or Ill cut your throat! this tone towards the little young boy instantly starts to create sympathy towards him and the readers instantly grow to love him. A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his h ead as he seized me by the chin. He says a man constantly as he describes the stranger to emphasise that this is a man hes never met before and just knows him as a man however by chapter 3, hes already referring to him as my convict. Also in chapter 4 when pip goes to take him the stolen food, the audience expect something terrible and mean from magwitch but instead he just takes the food and eats. At this point he begins to speak to Pip in a more affectionate way. Also he is taken away at the end of chapter 5 on the hulks and his last action is to lie for Pip saying that he stole the food and it wasnt Pip. This sends a relief through the readers but the relief later wears off when magwitch is again revealed to pip in chapter 39. Like in chapter 1, pip is surrounded by darkness and slowly magwitch re-appears sending chills through the readers as they have no idea what he has come back for. Pip remembers him straight away for I had seen him with my childish eyes to be a desperately violent man and so do the readers. This comes as a surprise and the readers is forced to quickly remember Magwitchs character as it had been more than 10 years before his and pips encounter. Dickens did this as he knew the readers would want to know what happens next to pip and they would want to find out why magwitch is back. Right from the start, Magwitch was not seen as a gentleman, but instead a convict. His actions in chapter 1 also prove him to be the least gentleman like person in the story. He is impatient Tell us your name Quick! His language is ungentle man like. You bring em both to meOr Ill have your heart and liver out. This causes the readers to judge him as not a gentleman but a convict and they have very little expectations that he will change otherwise. This is because a gentle man was seen as a man who behaved properly, a man of noble and gentle birth and Magwitch seemed to be the complete opposite to all this. However they are surprised when they find out what magwitch has been up to in Australia. I lived rough, that you should live smooth His actions towards Pip in chapter 39 reveal to the readers and to Pip what it is to be a gentle man. At this point Magwitch seems to be more like a gentleman than Pip who has just spoken rudely to Joe for not acting like a gentle man. But now he sees that being a gentleman is not all about talking fancy, or being rich, its all about being polite, kind and loving to those close to you just like Magwitch. Magwitch teaches pip what it is to be a gentleman through his generosity and Pip realises that Joe had been a gentleman all along. Guiltythat I had deserted Joe. I could never, never, undo what I had done. Pip is horrified to meet Magwitch at first. A fearful manstarted up from among the graves. This shows what a fast judge he is towards people and also shows that even before he has met the man coming towards him, he straight away knows that this man is no good. Pip comes to love Magwitch and starts to see him as a good and noble man. The older and more mature Pip describes Magwitch as my convict which shows that there is some sort of friendship between them in the future. Pips first encounter marks him thus, firstly as a convict and then through the cannibal references when he threatens to eat Pips fat cheeks and threatens to have another convict eat his heart and liver. However Magwitch is trustworthy towards Pip and believes him when on their second of the very few encounters they have, pip says that he has brought no one with him, he believes him straight away. Well, said my convict, I believe you Although at the beginning Magwitch uses threatening and abusive language towards pip like You young dog,, Lord strike you dead! He soon starts to see the innocence in pip and starts to relate to him as my boy. Their relationship furthers and Magwitch proves to be the perfect convict. When he is discovered by the police whilst fighting another convict, magwitch defends pip from getting in trouble and takes the blame for all the food and goods pip had stolen from Mrs Joe. This shows that even though Magwitch gets caught, he knows in his heart that it was not Pips fault that he got caught and pip had been loyal to him all along. In chapter 39, Magwitch is again in Pips life after many years. Pip is alone and has no Idea that his convict is about to return to him. This is an important part of the novel as there is no lights around Pip when Magwitch reappears said a voice from the darkness beneath which takes the readers back to their first encounter when Pip was in the church graveyard cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the graves and pip was alone and innocent and didnt know what was lurking around him in the dark. Its stormy and wet, stormy and wet; and mud, mud, mud, deep in all the streets, Pip uses a repetition of this words to emphasise the really bad weather thats been going on and on. When Magwitch is up in Pips room he explains to Pip how he never forgot Pips kindness to him and decided to do something for the boy, in part because he reminded him of his lost daughter, who would have been about the same age as Pip. Magwitch sent money to Mr. Jaggers, who passed it to Pip and sought to make the boy a gentleman. Jaggers was not permitted to let Pip know who his benefactor was so pip was as surprised as the readers when magwitch revealed himself as pips benefactor. Up to this point of the novel, Pip and the readers are led to believe that Miss. Haversham is Pips benefactor. She and Estella act superior to Pip and treat him badlyYou can break his heart, replied Miss Haversham. And after all this time, the readers begin to realize Miss Haversham only wants to see to see Pip being tantalized and tormented, just as she torments herself by clinging to the pain of her own rejection at the altar and that all the expectations of Miss Haversham were wrong, it is actually Magwitch whos the gentlemanYes, Pip, dear boy, Ive made a gentleman on you! Its me wot has done it I lived rough, that you should live smooth straight away pip recognises him when I saw him thus engaged, I saw my convict on the marshes at his meal again. It almost seemed to me as if he must stoop down presently, to file at his leg. And knows that his convict is back. I was sent for life. Its death to come back. Magwitch tells Pip and pip tells him that hell do whatever he can to save him, however magwitch gets hurt and as he lies dying in the prison infirmary, Magwi tch appreciates the fact that Pip has been closer to him and more accepting of him in his fall than in his prosperity. Pip informs magwitch about his daughter Estella and tells him that he loves her. This marks a great moment as magwitch dies happily knowing that he really did make a gentleman out of pip. Dickens chooses to do this to show that no-matter all the crime Magwitch may have done in the past, he still has a loving heart and deserves someone to love him and take care of him just like he took care of Pip. This gives the novel a happy and satisfying ending. In my opinion, this novel is very well written. At first, the style of writing and language used was hard to adjust to at first but I soon got used to it. The story line was very interesting and kept the reader wanting to read on. I loved it.

An Introduction to Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy

An Introduction to Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy Rogerian therapy, created by Carl Rogers, is a therapeutic technique in which the client  takes an active, autonomous role in therapy sessions. It is based on the idea that the client knows what is best, and that the therapist’s role is to  facilitate  an environment in which the client can bring about positive change. Rogerian therapy is sometimes called  nondirective  therapy because of the autonomy given to the client. The client, not the therapist, decides what is discussed. As Rogers  explained, â€Å"It is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried.† Overview of Rogerian Therapy Carl Rogers believed that all people have the capability to bring about positive change in their lives. He developed person-centered (or Rogerian) therapy as a technique for giving clients greater autonomy in therapy sessions.  Rogers’ approach to psychotherapy is considered humanistic  because it focuses on individuals positive potential.   In Rogerian therapy, the therapist typically refrains from offering advice or making a formal diagnosis. Instead, the primary role of the therapist is to listen and restate  what the client says. Rogerian therapists try  to refrain from offering their own interpretation of events or from making explicit suggestions about dealing with a situation. For example, if a  client reported feeling stressed about the fact that a coworker was receiving credit for a project the client worked on, the Rogerian therapist  might say, â€Å"So, it sounds like you’re upset because your boss isn’t recognizing your contributions.† In this way, the Rogerian therapist attempts to give the client an environment to explore their own thoughts and feelings and decide for themselves how to bring about positive change. Key Components of Rogerian Therapy According to Rogers, successful psychotherapy  always has  three key components: Empathy. Rogerian therapists attempt to develop  an empathic understanding of their clients thoughts and feelings. When the therapist has an accurate understanding of the client’s thoughts and restates what the client says, the client is able to figure out the meaning of his or her own experiences.Congruence. Rogerian therapists strive for congruence; that is, being self-aware, genuine, and authentic in their interactions with clients.Unconditional positive regard. Rogerian therapists show compassion and acceptance towards the client. The therapist should strive to be nonjudgmental and accept the client non-contingently (in other words, their acceptance of the client doesn’t depend on what the client says or does). Rogers Later Work In 1963, Rogers began working  at the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in La Jolla, California. Later, he co-founded the Center for Studies of the Person, an organization that is still active today. In California, Rogers worked on applying his ideas outside of traditional therapy settings. For example, he wrote about education in Freedom to Learn: A View of What Education Might Become, published in 1969. Rogers supported student-centered  learning:  an educational atmosphere in which students are able to pursue their interests, rather than passively absorbing a teachers lecture. Rogers also applied his ideas about empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard to political conflicts. He led â€Å"encounter groups† between groups in conflict, in the hope that his therapy techniques could  improve political relationships. He led encounter groups in South Africa during apartheid, and between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. Rogers’ work earned him praise from Jimmy Carter and a nomination for the  Nobel Peace Prize. Influence of Rogerian Therapy Today Carl Rogers died in 1987, but his work continues  to have an enormous influence on psychotherapists. Many therapists  incorporate elements of client-centered therapy in their practices today, particularly through the  eclectic approach, in which they may combine several types of therapy into one session. Importantly, the essential components of therapy that Rogers put forward (empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard) can be employed by any therapist, regardless of their specific approach to therapy. Today, therapists recognize that an effective relationship between client and therapist (called the therapeutic alliance or therapeutic rapport) is key for successful therapy. Rogerian Therapy Key Takeaways Carl Rogers developed a form of psychotherapy called client-centered therapy, or person-centered therapy.In client-centered therapy, the client leads the therapy session, and the therapist serves as a facilitator, often restating  back what the client has said.The therapist strives to have an empathic understanding of the client, have congruence (or authenticity) in the therapy session, and communicate unconditional positive regard for the client.Outside of psychology, Rogers  applied his ideas to the areas of education and international conflict. Sources â€Å"Carl Rogers (1902-1987).† GoodTherapy.org (2015, July 6). https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carl-rogers.htmlâ€Å"Client-Centered Therapy.† Harvard Health Publishing: Harvard Mental Health Letter (2006, Jan.). https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Client-centered_therapyJoseph, Stephen. â€Å"Why Carl Rogers Person-Centered Approach Is Still Relevant.† Psychology Today Blog (2018, Apr. 15). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-doesnt-kill-us/201804/why-carl-rogers-person-centered-approach-is-still-relevantKirschenbaum, Howard. â€Å"Carl Rogerss Life and Work: An Assessment on the 100th Anniversary of His Birth.† Journal of Counseling Development 82.1 (2004): 116-124. http://potentiality.org/drjwilcoxson/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/Person-Centered-theory-Carl-Rogers-100-yerars-Literature-Review-2.pdfâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy.† Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/person-cente red-therapyâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy).† GoodTherapy.org (2018, Jan. 17). https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/person-centered Rogers, Carl R. â€Å"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.† Journal of Consulting Psychology  21.2 (1957): 95-103. http://docshare02.docshare.tips/files/7595/75954550.pdfSarkis, Stephanie. â€Å"6 Amazing Things Carl Rogers Gave Us.† Psychology Today Blog (2011, Jan. 8). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/here-there-and-everywhere/201101/6-amazing-things-carl-rogers-gave-us

Rationality and its Symbols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rationality and its Symbols - Essay Example As several commentators on the consulting sector have pointed out, both the outcome and success of knowledge-intensive services [] are very difficult to measure" (Armbruster, 2004, p. 1248). Another presumption made by Armbruster is the state of uncertainty and doubtful quality of service provided by management consulting firms. In fact, there is no legislation or codes of practice which protect both service providers and users in sense of artificial information vacuums created by influential groups. In addition, credence goods market dictates its own rules: when selecting personnel, organization are aimed at finding persons who will easily fit into business environment and identify themselves with this area, or figuratively speaking, dissolve and serve merely as representatives of certain business segment. Human Resource Management perfectly functions when described in the range of related theories, models and concepts, but they are often barely applicable because of the leading trends in contemporary business. First of all, so-called 'war for talents' (ibid, p.1249) shows the need for young and creative university graduates, who have degree, but lack job experience. Nevertheless, such immature specialists often work as advisors and speak to their experienced colleagues in the manner of superiority. Consulting firms prominently demonstrate this trend, as personnel selection process in this area doesn't include tests, associated with correspondence to organizational philosophy and psychology, but merely on the simple tool known as case-study interview - specific problem assigned to a candidate. On the other hand, the scholar indicates that there is a stable set of criteria, which should be included into the interview: discussion of market size and appropriate case study ( number of sma ll businesses within certain area, calculation of computerization trends), business cases (such assignment include strategic planning for certain company, SWOT-analysis and other important business plan preparation tools) and brainteasers (very specific cases within narrow or poorly-researched area, which are to be resolved by an interviewee by using 'realistic approach'). In spite of obvious diversity and segmentation existing in our business area, interviews are typical: " The candidate is expected to make assumptions in order to have a basis for quantitative calculations" (ibid, p. 1254) That is to say, rationality in management consulting was researched by many more specialists and the results show almost no distinctions. Gradual prevalence of case-study interview was shown in Peter Block's survey (2004), in which he draws an interrelation between the growth of small businesses and the need for introducing case studies as the framework for successful interview. Cross et al (2001) hold that accessibility of information is one of the main factors in shaping knowledge, but consultants should try to make more specific and more goal-oriented queries, as they often underestimate of ignore such factors as peculiarities of collaboration between businesses (which businesses are more likely to cooperate), peculiarities of certain product (for instance, the fashion for some sports is falling, so the periods between purchasing new inventory sets is increasing) (Cross, 2001). Another interesting

The Rights of the Copyright Owner and the Public Interest Essay

The Rights of the Copyright Owner and the Public Interest - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  copyright does not protect the original idea or concept; rather it protects the words through which the author has represented his thoughts. The moment some shape is granted to an idea, for instance a piece of music or a painting, that idea has now been given a copyright. One does not need to register in order to gain a copyright. In other words, copyright comes into place at the time of creation and is applicable to both published and unpublished works. It is generally the rule that the copyright is in ownership of the creator and is binding on his or her published or unpublished work. Creations that can hold a copyright include music, novel, painting, brand name etc. The creator of the work is normally the holder of the copyright; however if the work has been made during the time the person was working for someone, then the employer is given the status of being the copyright holder.  This paper discusses that  there are a number of laws that are in existence which describe precisely the rules that are associated with copyright. Copyright laws are responsible for demarcating the domain of what rights do the creators and copyright holders should have. This plays an essential part in the determination of whether public access to copyrights balances the rights of the copyright holders or if copyright is strengthened beyond the reasonable limit. This also forms the core of the debate presented in this paper.

Changes by Tupac Shakur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Changes by Tupac Shakur - Essay Example Grossman and DeGaetano in their book "Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill: A Call to Action Against TV Movie and Video Game Violence" (1999) pursue this idea even further, as they prove that media not only conditions children and young adults to violent behavior, but also teaches them the "mechanics of killing". The adherents of this theory consider rap music to be one of the greatest threats for the soles and minds of young Americans. Jay Nordlinger in his article "'Bang': Guns, rap, and silence - violence in rap music" published in National Review (April 2001) claims that "gangsta" rappers glory in guns and gun violence in song after song after song." He, along with the other social activists tries to persuade the society that gun violence promulgated in the lyrics and videos of some rap singers is one of the main reasons for the children to bring guns to school and shoot their teachers and classmates. But it's obvious that rap music videos solely are incapable of creating this effect. Social conditions such as poverty, racial discrimination, substance abuse, inadequate schools, joblessness, and family conflict and dissolution contribute to an environment that fosters violence not just rap music videos. Some journalists and psychologists prove that rap videos are just one of the ways of "selling" rap culture. It's true, that for many of the rap singers their music is just the way to earn money and popularity, thus they fill their songs with the content that sells successfully. Unfortunately, there is always a demand for violence on our market. Before blaming rap music and videos for encouraging children and teenagers to commit violent acts, we should try to find out why is this music so popular among them. Why American teens and young adults, at list part of them, want to listen and watch songs, clips, and movies where people abuse, rape and kill each other Maybe something is wrong with our educational system, as it's unable to persuade the youth in the futility and danger of violence, to teach them that their goals can be achieved using other methods Or the problem lies within the society that cannot offer some of its young inexperienced members other sphere for actualizing their potential than that of crime and violence Typac Shakur, who's one of the most prominent rap singers, of our time made a great impact on part of our contemporaries. His texts expressed the opinions for all of those, who were underprivileged because of their race and financial state. This singer had himself grown up in a poor Afro-American family, thus he knew about the realities that were present in his songs. Lots of people say that Typac, together with other rap singers often overcharged the difficulties and severities the Afro-American poor have to experience, but, nevertheless, his songs became tremendously popular. A question arises here which's would his creativity have been so popular if he were lying in his songs Tupac's song Changes is one of his attempts to let the world see what is going on in the blocks were the poor Afro-Americans dwell. Most of us don't believe it until we see it by ourselves, as our

Accounting and Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Accounting and Corporate Finance - Essay Example It follows the principals of having discounted cash flows. The formula to find out the Net present value precisely can be written as: Cash flow (today i.e. year 0) + Cash flow (1 year from now) [/1+r (cost of capital)]^1 + Cash flow (2 years from now)/](1+r)^2 Cash flow refers to the amount of expected cash to be received at a certain point in time X years from now. Cash flows can either be negative or positive. An inflow of cash is a positive cash flow such as an income whereas an outflow is represented with a negative sign and denotes an outgoing cash amount due to for instance expenditure. If the NPV of a certain project equals zero, it denotes that the project is a break-even project; working at no profit-no loss. In simple words it means that the amount of capital invested is exactly equal to the return that would be generated by undertaking the project. A project should be taken up or initiated only if the net present value is at least zero or greater than zero. Even though the calculations of Net Present Value are fairly simple and convenient, it is still quicker to use a financial calculator for these calculations because if there are a large number of cash flows, it will become very inconvenient and time consuming to make the calculations with the formula (Brigham et al, 2010). IRR (Internal rate of Return) IRR is the value where the NPV is equal to zero. It is the optimal value where a project is most beneficial. IRR can gauge the profitability of a proposed investment by taking into consideration the concept of discounted cash flows. IRR is not as easy to calculate as Net Present Value especially if each cash flow is different every year therefore it needs to be calculated using financial calculator. If not, then it is done on the basis of trial and error. The IRR can also be calculated in Microsoft Excel but it begins with guessing. IRR is very closely related to Net Present Value and it marks the next step to the calculation of Net Present Value. T he IRR is the yield at which the investments constitute of cash outflows and inflows that occur at a certain time period in a fixed amount (Helfert, 2001). Profitability Index: Profitability Index is basically a measure of the per dollar value of the initial investment spent on a project. This means that if a project’s PI is 1, then the project will give a break-even value of return in comparison to the initial spending done on it. If the value is below 1.0, it means that the project is going to incur a loss and the investment done on it will be greater than the relative return it will give back over the years. If the Profitability Index is greater than 1 then the project can be accepted as it will be giving a profit. For mutually exclusive projects, the project with the higher Profitability Index is a better option. It is calculated as: Present Value of future cash flows/initial cost (ACCA, 2008). Discounted Payback Period: Payback period is another technique used to measure the viability of projects in terms of the number of years that it takes to pay back an initial investment. It is measured in number of years till recovery and the following formula can be used to measure it. No. Of years prior to full recovery+ Unrecovered cost at beginning of year/Cash flow during full recovery year (Kinney et al, 2009). b) Discuss the results for the numerical examples NPV Year CF Project First CF Project Second 0 (1000) (1000) 1 500 500 2 600 400 3 700 300 4 800 100 Project First: (1000)+ 500/1.10^1+600/1.10^2+700/1.10^3+800/1.10^4 = -1000+ 454.54+

Siblings Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Siblings Groups - Essay Example 'the bonds among brothers and sisters are unique - the longest lasting relationships most people have. The sibling relationship lasts longer than the relationship of parent and child and often longer than that of husband and wife (Barbell, 1995, 1).' Regardless of the lack of literature and research that has been previously collected regarding the importance of the relationship between siblings, far too many children are separated from their siblings when child welfare agencies have to intervene. This essay will review the current literature concerning the out-of-home placement of siblings including the impact of separation of siblings and research regarding this sensitive issue. Additionally, a further discussion concerning when it may not be in the child's best interest to co-locate siblings will be presented. Lastly, how the findings of this research impact current social work practices will be discussed. In the last few decades there has been much more attention paid to the importance of the sibling relationship. ... siblings may become stronger, perhaps even stronger than those between parents and children. Children in these families learn to depend on each other to cope with their common life experiences. If intervention intended to help the children results in their separation from each other, they suffer additional loss and grief (Barbell, 1995, 1). This essay will review the current literature concerning the out-of-home placement of siblings including the impact of separation of siblings and research regarding this sensitive issue. Additionally, a further discussion concerning when it may not be in the child's best interest to co-locate siblings will be presented. Lastly, how the findings of this research impact current social work practices will be discussed. Available Literature In the last few decades there has been much more attention paid to the importance of the sibling relationship. As stated previously, prior much emphasis was placed on examining the parent/child relationship but the importance of the sibling relationship tended to be overlooked. Often siblings from dysfunctional families can be a tremendous amount of strength and support for one another. This is especially true when they have through their shared past relied heavily on each other for love, comfort and support. Shlonsky et al. in 2005 reported that siblings have the ability to help each other to repair the damage and repair the affects of long term parental neglect and abuse. However, they also noted that the relationships can be damaging as well. This varied response to the sibling relationship and its impact on the formative lives of children discloses more visibly the need for further research into the relationships and a thorough understanding by the social

A Taste of Honey Play Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Taste of Honey Play Analysis Essay A Taste of Honey is a play written by Shelagh Delaney. Shelagh Delaney was born on the 5th of November, 1939 in Salford, Lancashire. At eleven years old she failed to pass the examination that would allow her to enter a grammar school, and she went to a secondary school named Broughton. She was accepted into the grammar school at a later stage as she has proved herself to be intelligent. She was seen to be a late developer but by this time she had lost interest in her academic progress and so therefore did not continue on to higher education. Her first play was A Taste of Honey, which she wrote when she was 18, was accepted by a Joan Littlewood for production by Theatre Workshop Company. The first opening of the play was on the 27th of May at the Theatre Royal in East London. A Taste of Honey was transferred to West London on the 10the of February. For this play she received the Foyles New Play Award and an Arts Council Bursary. In the 1950s England was felling the effects of World War II, so when Shelagh Delaney wrote the play she had experienced World War II. Also because of the World War only lower/ middle class groups would watch the play. Another factor that has caused the play, A Taste of Honey, to be a great success is that it contained issues that were never openly discussed and were consider to be illegal. For example: homosexuality- this was never discussed openly and was considered very bad, racism- Black people or people that were coloured were also considered lower class. The mood, tension and suspense had been built up during the play. In Act 1 Scene 2 Jo meets with her boyfriend and during a conversation he asks her to marry him and she accepts his proposal even though he will be away on his ship for six months and so she will have to wait before he can marry him. She is given a ring by her fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e which she wears around her neck instead of on her finger. This is because she doesnt want her mother to see the ring. Back in the apartment Helen tells Jo that she is going to marry Peter. Peter enters and Jo starts to shout at both Helen and Peter, while Helen is defending and attacking both Peter and Jo. Peter, however, is ignoring or criticising Jo and flattering Helen. Helen and Peter leave and Jos boyfriend arrives and keeps her company. On Helens wedding day Jo is feeling sick and cannot attend her mothers wedding. Helen then sees the ring around Jos neck and starts scolding Jo violently for think of marrying this young. Jo then asks about her father and Helen explains, and then runs off to her wedding. There is a lot that happens in this scene both Helen and Jo plan on getting married. And this has built up a lot of tension. But there moods with each other getting married are not positive. Helen is not happy with Jo considering marriage at such a young age. Jo is also not happy that Helen is marrying Peter but is unable to do anything about it. The timing of this happening is also coincidental as Helen and Jo both were planning to marry at the same time this cause the audience to build up suspense. The scene is ended with Helen leaving Jo behind this will leave the audience thinking of what is going to happen. The scene is ended with suspense so that the audience is egger for the next scene. Act 2 scene 1 begins and Jos pregnancy is quite obvious and her boyfriend has not returned. Jo and Geof, a boy she met in a fairground, return to Jos apartment. The scene beginning with Jo being obviously pregnant causes drama for the audience also Jos black boyfriend has not returned from his sale this make the audience think that the boyfriend will never return. Jo is currently living alone and is working in a shoe shop in the day and working at a bar in the evenings to pay the rent. This has set the mood of Jos environment to be busy and Jo seems to be very tired. As when she returns from the fair she falls onto her sofa as she is tired, she as says that she has to be up before half past seven. This makes us think that going to work is very necessary for her and she is finding it difficult. Geof, an art student, who had been thrown out of his lodgings, says that the reason he was thrown out was because he was behind on the rent. Jo challenges him and keeps on persisting that he is lying as she knows he is homosexual. She even states that I always wanted to know about people like you she offends Geof with her insensitive mocking and curiosity. She finally says that Geof should tell her why he was thrown out (even though she knows why she wants to hear it from Geof) or get out Geof heads for the door to leave and is stopped by Jo begging for him to stay, Geof Dont go. Dont go. Geof! Im sorry. Please stay. I think that this shows that Jo wants some company as she is alone and finding it difficult to pay for the apartment. Jo is not threatened by Geof staying in her apartment as he is homosexual and is therefore not physically attracted to her she also says, Thats why Im letting you stay here. You wont start anything. When Geof is with Jo the mood is peaceful and is not chaotic. Also, Jos character is different she is not as aggressive as before. The audience are interested in Geof as they want to know facts about him because of his homosexual personality. It might be that Geof was thrown out because he was homosexual and he doesnt want to admit that he is gay, also in that period of time homosexuality was wrong. After Jo apologises they start talking and tell each other that they like each other and they are becoming closer and their relationship develops. There mood has changed and they are now talking about each other and asking questions about there past. Geof brings up the subject of the baby and Jos mother, he thinks that Jo should tell her mother about her pregnancy. Jo replied Why? this shows that she still doesnt think that her mother should have nothing to do with Jos baby. Geof then goes on to ask what kind of woman is she and Jo replies by saying shes rich Geof says that she should be interested in her mothers money as she will be needing it later for the baby, as the baby will be costing Jo more money then she can afford. When Geof says that she will need baby clothes a cot and a pram, Jo replies by saying, Im not planning big plans for this baby or dreaming big dreams. This shows that Jo has thought that she will look after the baby with the barest amount of money. Jos character is strange in comparison to other mothers. Most mothers will be hoping for the best for their children. Jo, however, is not interested; she has no idea to look after a child as she has never been looked after by her mother very well. I found it strange when Geof says, Youre feeling a bit depressed, Jo. He was telling Joe how she felt and this shows that Geof is already having feelings for Jo. When Geof offers Jo a cigarette she declines it, she said she only smoked to annoy her mother. I think that this shows that Jo did things to annoy her mother to get revenge. Jos character to towards her mother does not change through out the play. Geof asks Jo about her black boyfriend when Jo answers the questions she is giving false answers. I think that she has forgotten about the boy and has moved on with her life. Geof sings two nursery rhymes; this lightens the mood and shows that Geof is still childish and young in heart. When Geoffrey and Jo go to bed Jo says, Youre just like a big sister to me. This shows that Jo has no sexual attractions towards Geof and sees him more like a friendly sister who looks after her. Jo comments on the childrens appearance, look at those filthy children. I think this is because as she is pregnant she is thinking about children and looking at other children on the streets. She then says that is there parents fault, but then says, His mother ought not to be allowed. Jo is referring to her own mother in a way as Jo was treated badly and sometimes thinks that her mother should not of had her. Geof is homosexual but still tries to kiss Jo and even asks to marry her. Jo declines, is it shown that Jo likes Geoffrey but she is not sexually attracted to him. I think that the reason Geof asked Jo to marry him is because he want to be normal or a least be treated normal. So if he gets married people wont think that he is homosexual and as Jo has a baby it will save him the trouble. Geof knows that if he stays with Jo his life is heading nowhere, but he wants to stay with Jo, Id sooner be dead than away from you. Geoffrey has grown a strong feeling for Jo and visa-versa, however, Jo likes him as a big sister. Helen enters the room and the mood has changed, that tension between Jo and Helen is now strong. Helen is not surprised that Jo is in bed, she thinks that Jo should still be going to work in her condition. Helens character is still expecting much of Jo even when Helen is sick she would ask Jo to do the work. Jo doesnt even welcome her mother politely, What blew you in? Helen assumes that Geoffrey is Jos boyfriend. While Helen and Jo argue Geof enters defending Jo but is shut up by both the ladies. Even with Jo in pregnancy Helen is still as violent she is throwing threats at Jo, Ill give you such a bloody good hiding in a minute Then Helen knows that she was right and told Jo not to get married at such an early age but gets into a mess none the less. Helen then says that she didnt come to argue but actually came to give money but Jo doesnt want it even when she needs it not from her mother anyway. Helen does care about her daughter but doesnt show it although she does show it more then Jo, Look at your arms. Theyre like a couple of stalks! she doesnt want her daughter to be unhealthy. When Peter enters, the mood changes everyone is concentrating on him and want him out of the room. It is obvious that Peter is not in love with Helen and it maybe that she is not in love with Peter it might be that she only married him for his money. When Drunken Peter enters he insults the other three, when he sees that Helen is giving his money away he is angry with Helen, Giving my money away again? Peter then takes his money back from Helen and therefore contradicting Helens offer of a home to Jo. When Peter leaves he calls Helen to com with her but she says no. Helen is unsure of her choice so asks Jo if she should stay with her and Jo replies no. I can see that Helen was unsure to make her decision and when she ask Jo and she said no she yelled out yes to Peter. When Peter asked Helen if shes coming she replied no, however, Peter still insists that Helen come with her. I think that even when he has lost interest in Helen he doesnt want to let her go, this is just like him and his money. Helens last act of affection is shown, she tells Geof to make sure that she goes to the clinic regularly. As soon as Helen leaves the mood has changed, it is back to that jokey mood with Jo and Geof. This is shown when Geof says that at least Helen left her some money but Jo says that Peter took it back but she has a cigarette for him. Geof replies, Oh, smashing I have noted that their moods change and they are back to their original state. This scene is one of the most relevant scenes in the whole play; it shows the relationship between Jo and Geof from when it first started to when they have a strong bond. It also is the first scene with homosexuality init so this is very appealing to the audience. It also is the scene when Helen finds out that Jo is pregnant and is therefore quite dramatic. This scene is very significant to the play as without this the scene it would not be as effective.

Environmental Management Systems In The Genting Group Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Management Systems In The Genting Group Environmental Sciences Essay Start from the beginning, the Genting Group gained their greatest reputation and achievement through providing a clean, comfortable, natural environment for every customer who visit their premises/property and they all loving it. Its main of the image and icon for everyone when they heard the name of Genting. Therefore, a constant improvement is important to ensure the good name is always inherited from time to time. The Details of the Environmental Management System As a responsible group, The Genting Group holds certain keys of interest. One of the ethical responsibilities is Environment Sustainability. A program named Environmental Management System is implemented, a four core area of interest Conservation of natural resources, Waste management, Prevention of pollution and Use of renewable energy. Conservation of natural resources- The Genting Group hires professional consultant to conduct energy audit to measure cost-energy efficiency on premises, implementing energy saving instrument and conducting Energy Conservation Awareness Seminars to employees from Engineering Department. In year 2009, the company planted a heat recovery system. An air pre-heater is installed and fixed orifice steam traps are used to reduce steam loss. Flow restrictors and effective water volume reduction program too implemented to reduce water wastage. The group has joined in Earth Hour program in year 2009 as a support, awareness in environment conservation and reduction on carbon emission. The installation of sensors on escalators and air-conditioning system helps to reduce power consumption especially on the off-peak season time. Waste Management- The Group referred 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Concept and Environmental Quality Act 1974 to run the waste management. In 3R, Reduce is done by replacing energy-efficient equipment on buildings to reduce energy wastage and by-product wastage. The used, wasted, error-printed paper is reuse to maximize the utility and fulfill the Reuse of 3R. Separation of waste according to their material type by preparation of categories recycle bin helps recycle and the vermin-composting practice of turning food waste into organic fertilizer meets Recycle criteria. The other waste treatment such as excreta disposal is delivered to treatment plan for biodegrading before release it into the river so that the water source is not contaminated. Prevention of pollution- In order to reduce/prevent pollution on air, water and land, the management has implemented several solutions such as conduct Yearly Sanitary Survey on water supply system, replacing diesel powered water pump to electrical powered water pump, replace conventional detergent to biodegradable type detergent in daily cleansing routine to reduce and prevent water contamination. On land pollution issue, recycling the reusable item so that lesser waste is dispose at landfill site. Using biodegradable type item like biodegradable plastic bags and No Plastic Day campaign conducted to promote pollution prevention. About the air pollution prevention, installation of smoke density detector and flue gas analysis for boilers, generator sets and incinerators were conduct from time to time according to the Environment Quality Act. The Occupational, Safety and Health Section started Mentoring Program to ensure that the material use in all premises (Awana Genting Highlands, Awana Langkawi, and Awana Kijal) is complied with Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), Regulation and Occupational Safety and Heath (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulation and ISO 14001. Use of renewal energy- Although the group has not yet fully-deploy any renewal energy source, they have the strategic location for generating electricity by deploying solar panel and wind electric generator at the Hillside of Genting Highlands and other Gentings Premises. Plus, the National Objective Strategies from Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water Malaysia leads the Genting Group looking ways from converting conventional electric supply to renewable energy as substitution in long-term plan. By using the renewable energy source, the lesser diesel fuel was burned to generate electricity. Hence, the carbon emission from diesel burning and green house effect is reduced. The Genting group realized that using renewal energy source not just simply reduce air, noise and water pollution but helps in reduction on operation cost, a win-win situation for both environment and cost-effectiveness. Financial forecasting of Environmental Management System At year 2009, the Genting Group has spent RM23.5 million on the Properties, Plant and Equipment (PPE) improvement under Environmental Management System. These included Freehold Building improvements, Plant, Equipment and Vehicles. Advantages of Environmental Management System Though EMS, the negative effects of the business operation such as waste production, emission from fossil fuel burning, air-water-soil pollution can be minimize effectively. Lesser energy requirement from the buildings proves energy saving, less heat production and helps to reduce green house effect. The production of organic fertilizer too helps to reduce maintenance cost and protects the soil from chemical contamination. Disadvantages of Environmental Management System The expenses for implementing EMS at the early stage are very huge and the investors wont able to benefit in short-term period. For example, the infrastructure for developing renewal energy plan is very expensive, especially the Solar Panel. Time and management stress too is unavoidable and error might frequently occur. More and more professional talents were needed to enhance and bring the company to the front-line of innovation. However, hiring these professionals require a huge budget. External Program- Contribution to the Betterment of the Society The importance of contribution to the betterment of the society Genting group is always interested to make an effort in creating a healthier, happier society which already highlighted in their philosophy. This is because of a good, healthy society comes from good people and the achievement that Genting has closely related to the local communities. From people to people, the Genting group does making contribution all the time to the locals as a return. Therefore, the group has working on several projects and activities to refine it. The Details of contribution to society and charity events Local Communities- the Genting group has put concentration on helping local communities to improve quality of living, they work with several charity group such as Womens Aid Organization, Malaysian Pediatrics Foundation, Alzheimer Disease Foundation, Hospis Malaysia, Malaysian Liver Foundation, Gujerati Association, Tunku Azizah Fertility Foundation, St. John Ambulance and Red Cross Society. Also, the Genting group joined with the Ministry of Transport Malaysia, Ministry of Education Malaysia, Road Safety Department and Road Safety Marshal Club to conduct a safety campaign to teach the youngsters about the importance of safety awareness. These included 4.5K primary school students of Malaysia attended, educated about road safety practices and all of them were gifted with a SIRIM-approved safety helmet. One of the Gentings agencies, the Awana Langkawi organized a public health check for local communities on Health Day and safety talk on Safety and Career Week. On the other side, at Malaysia the group established GENM We Care Team, Awana We Care Team, Awana Kijal We Care Team and Awana Porto Malai We Care Team to encourage all of the employees join community service. These included conduct cleaning, food supply, provide repairing and maintenance service for the charity groups like Badan Amal Nur Zaharah, Selangor Family Aid Association, Ampang Old Folks Home, Pusat Kebajikan Serendah . At England, the Genting Group is helping the communities by providing education on responsible gambling; do research on prevention and treatment of gambling problem. The Genting group has raised a fund in order to support the Great or Gambling Research, Education and Treatment Foundation; they too help the national charities to do fund raising activities. OKU (Disability Group) the unfortunates the Genting group too cares about the disabled people, especially those who are underprivileged, hidden under the eyes of the society. In Malaysia, with the volunteering support from employees, the guests and The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf at Wisma Genting, the Wisma Genting Charity Week was conducted. The entire collected fund donated to the four charity organizations: The United Voice, The Cheshire Home Selangor, The Hope Worldwide and The Harvest Centre. On the other hand, the group has hosted festival themed charity party on festive season such as fairytale Christmas Party for unfortunate children and elder citizens and two Hollywood Blockbuster movies were screened for the children as well. All the collection was handled to the 67units welfare homes and non-organizations. In Singapore, the Genting group works with the local charity groups to raise fund for the under-privileged children. These charity groups are included ST School Pocket Money Fund, Mendaki, Sinda and CDAC. Education Sports- Educational Sports are always play important role in shaping a good society. Therefore, Genting group has donated about half a million ringgit to Malaysian Institute of Management on built a modern, advance and sophisticated library or Genting Resource Centre. At sports, the group has sponsored certain sports event like Le Tour De Langkawi, King of Mountain (KOM), Junior Development Program of Selangor Tennis Association, sponsorship to Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) which won the FAA Suzuki Cup recently and the Pahang Hockey Association. Culture Art- the Genting group collaborate with the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture of Malaysia to promote Cuti-Cuti Malaysia, the local tourism, local culture and arts like Orkestra Simfoni Remaja or Youth Symphony Orchestra to let the youngsters have a platform to perform and brighten their talent. Youth Symphony Orchestra is a sub-program under a program named Pusat Muzik Budaya or Centre of Cultural Music. Also, the group has organized World Championship of Arts Performing at Time Square, First World Plaza, Merdeka Stage and Outdoor Theme Park of Genting in year 2009. With collaboration from The Strait Times (Singapore) and The Business Times (Singapore), the group hosted their very first event, Child Aid at the Festive Grand Theatre of Genting. They had successfully collected more than a million S$ to help the poor and unfortunates. Financial Forecasting/achievement of the Genting Groups Contribution So far, the Genting Group has sponsored about RM500K on education facility, the Genting Resource Center. About the disability group, the Genting Group too has contributed at least RM360K to the underprivileged and disabled people (OKU). The festive event, ChildAid has collected more than a million S$ to help the poor, unlucky children. In year 2009, S$30,000 fund has risen for the ST School Pocket Money Fund and S$20,000 fund raiser for Singapore Red Cross Society. The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf too joined in donate RM1 for each beverage they sold at the outlet during Wisma Genting Charity Week. The Advantages of Contribution to the Betterment of the Society Though contribution and charity for society, the Genting group is not simply a profit-gaining entity but group that able to show their caring and responsibility for the society. The group acts as a role model of the social-caring entrepreneur in the business world. More and more customers willing to spare their fortune at the Genting Berhad as they knew that part of the money they spend benefits the society. The Disadvantages of Contribution to the Betterment of the Society So far contribution to the betterment of the society is always a good intention. However, these acts may not agree and acceptable by some investors. On their opinion, charity works is regarded as a non-profit, non-benefit action especially in the capitalist-economy. They might withdraw their investment and plant it to other company.

Colonial Society and Economy :: American America History

Colonial Society and Economy There were numerous effects of the French and Indian War; the Peace of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War, closing all French power in North America. With the Death of King George II, the new English king, King George the III, wanted to put an end to the French and Indian War, pursuing peace and agreement. With this agreement, the Peace of Paris of 1763, came many stipulations. The French lost all of their land in North America. Many of the area settlers were forced to leave their homes, and many stayed behind to fight for their country. However, British rule was already set to dominate North America. Due to new government rule, King George III, peace was now the mindset of the English. After the Peace of Paris of 1763, land and possessions were divided among Britain and Spain. Britain got all of the French lands and possessions east of the Mississippi River and all of Florida which was owned by Spain. To make up for Spain losing Florida, they received Louisiana, which at that time was New Orleans and all the French land that was to the west of the Mississippi River. After allocating this land, the French had none left in North America. Also, in the West Indies, the French forfeited Tobago, Dominica, Grenada, and St. Vincent, which was most of what they had in the area. Basically, the Peace of Paris of 1763 left the French with nothing, and that was the goal. The people of the Americas were also effected by the ending of the French and Indian War. After the English received Spanish Florida, they invited all of the Spanish settlers to stay and continue practicing their religion, Spanish Catholicism, but most did not stay. The Spanish king had ordered the Spanish settlers to leave the colony and gave them all free transportation to Spanish owned lands in the Caribbean. Most of the Spanish settlers sold their property within a year at very low prices and moved to Mexico and Cuba. The French settlers, however, mainly stayed in the area. French authority roused them not to leave, but instead to stay in the now Spanish territory and work to create a movement against further English expansion. There were a great number of French settlers in the area because the French territory, Louisiana, was very large.

Van Morrisons Brown Eyed Girl Song Essay -- Music Compare Contrast Es

Van Morrison's Brown Eyed Girl Song When we hear the song Brown-Eyed Girl, it is safe to assume the majority of us think of the Van Morrison version that was first introduced in his album Blowin’ Your Mind, released in 1967. Since that time the song’s legend and popularity have grown to unprecedented heights. Many artists have redone the song, some with a similar music style to Morrison (like Jimmy Buffet), and others of a completely different genre like the punk rock band Green Day. In my essay I will argue that the stylistic differences between the two songs are not a barrier. Rather, in combination with the similarities associating with cover songs, they form a bridge between two genres. In this case, it is achieved by expanding people’s tastes that are used to soft rock, to punk rock, and visa versa. By illustrating the similarities and differences between the two works, I will show how the appeal of the two songs is possible between two diverse listening groups. Morrison has been a very prolific and popular artist ever since the late 1960’s. He has released nearly one album per year since his first solo recording, following the breakup of Them. Morrison has recorded with a number of labels, which has allowed his albums to fall primarily into two time periods. For the early part of Morrison’s career, his songs were less developed due to his inexperience and lack of individualism. During the later part, he gained increasing control over his music to the point where he essentially became his own label. Morrison’s version of Brown-Eyed Girl was produced during this time of independence. The inspiration for the song came from one of Morrison’s friends, who was the husband of the famous Brown-Eyed Girl. She w... ...: I would like to acknowledge those who where instrumental in helping me put this paper together. A special thanks goes out to my classmates and even more specifically my group members Benjamin Mickle, Andrew Wallace, and Jeffrey Sheely. From their advice in varying my sentence structure, to the pushing of more description, I was able to enhance my paper. Thank you all. End Note: 1. The Van Morrison Website. Sept. 15, 2002. Sources: Engel, Edo. Green Day Home Page. Sept. 14, 2002. Gray, Brian. WWW.GREENDAY.NET. Sept. 15, 2002. Hayward, Michael. The Van Morrison Website. Sept. 15, 2002. Van Morrison Praise Page. Sept. 14, 2002.

Discrimination in US Security

Is there systematic discrimination in government and private security organization? Discrimination is the biasness based on color, religion, race, age, sexual orientation, national origin and gender. There is systematic discrimination in government and private security organization especially among blacks and other minorities like the Muslims. Muslims and blacks according to government and private organization are perceived to be more capable of committing crime as opposed to people from other races.For example in 2001 after the September 11 hijackings an airport security firm in Washington was under fire for hiring seven Muslims women who were screeners. This was because among the seven women five were from Sudan which has been blacklisted by the U. S. government and private security organization, one was from Egypt and the other from Afghanistan which has been believed for years to be the hideout for Osama who the US government believe to be responsible for the 1998 bombing attack and 2001 and therefore is their enemy number one. Is racial profiling ever appropriate?Racial profiling is the act of using a person’s race or his characteristics of his ethnic background to determine his capability in committing a specific crime. It is inappropriate especially in matters of security as it allows crime to mushroom in certain races as the policemen tend to divert their attention to one particular race for example in airports, the screeners tend to scrutinize people from middle east origin and Asian origin more than the way they do it for the American citizens and European nationals. Also the United States policemen have been on several occasion accused of racial profiling the African Americans.In that when crime has been committed in a particular neighborhood, the first suspect is always an African American. Although racial profiling is only appropriate when the physical traits of the suspect has been given out for example hair color, body weight, complexion. This is the only circumstance that the policemen are allowed to racial profile because racial profiling always leads to injustice in the community in various occasions and the innocent ones are the ones who are always caught. (http//www. amnestyusa. org/racialprofiling/sevenfacts. html) Do you believe it is justifiable to take such actions to protect US national’s security?It is justifiable for US government to take such actions to protect US national security because it is a superpower country in world and as one she is the main target for terrorists as they want to bring it down because it is the only country that is brave enough to question the their action. The US government is allowed to discriminate in security organization and to racial profile because most of the terrorists like Osama are from Muslim origin and one fact that we know is that Muslims are very brave they can do anything and this is why we have suicide bombers.Also in US majoring of the criminals are blac ks because most of them do it to revenge on the misery they have gone through and discrimination. Most of them are illiterate as a result they can’t get a decent job and as a result the only option they have is to commit crime because even the music industry in US is flooded as we can not have everyone in the music industry. As a result the US government does all this to maintain peace and harmony in order to make united state a favorable and suitable environment for people to stay in and to work in. (http//www. amnestyusa. org/racialprofiling/sevenfacts. html) Reference Amnesty International U.S.A. Racial Profiling. Retrieved on January 8th 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http//www.amnestyusa.org/racialprofiling/sevenfacts.html

Flash Floods In Jeddah Saudi Arabia Environmental Sciences Essay

Jeddah is one of the most of import metropoliss of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Located on the shore of the Red Sea, the metropolis has a population of more than 3.5 million, and after Riyadh, is the 2nd largest urban colony of the state ( CIA Factbook, 2010, p1 ) . Incorporating the largest port on the Red Sea, it is the chief entry point for Mecca, the holiest metropolis of the Islamic faith ( CIA Factbook, 2010, p1 ) . It acts as a conduit for 1000000s of worshippers on their manner to Mecca and is otherwise a really busy commercial Centre ( CIA Factbook, 2010, p1 ) . Jeddah is besides known to be among the more cosmopolite of Saudi Arabian finishs and is home to many people from western states, because of its sea facing location, commercial importance and international connection ( CIA Factbook, 2010, p1 ) . The metropolis experienced brassy inundations in the last hebdomad of November in 2009 ( Al-Bargi, A. , 2009, p 1 ) . The inundations resulted in a regular calamity as much of the metropolis was submerged in 3 pess of H2O and autos were swept off and piled on top of each other ( Al-Bargi, A. , 2009, p 1 ) . Appendix 1 provides some images of the flash inundations, which illustrate the extent and outrageousness of harm caused. The inundations, which lasted for hardly a twosome of yearss, resulted in the loss of more than a 100 lives and damaged 2 one million millions of dollars of belongings ( Abumansour, W. , 2009, p 1 ) . The following few yearss saw the occupants of the metropolis confronting the dangers of a possible epidemic because of ( a ) overruning sewerage from the nearby Musk Lake, which threatened to come in the metropolis, and ( B ) obvious troubles in burying the work forces, adult females, kids, and animate beings, who had died during the inundations ( Abumansour, W. , 2009, p 1 ) . Western citizens were bemused by the strength of the mayhem and devastation caused by merely three inches of rain in a really short span of clip on November 25. A occupant of Florida writes as follows: â€Å" On Wednesday, my portion of west-central Florida received three-to-five inches of rain. No 1 died, even as the consequence of a traffic accident. Other than a few puddles an inch or two deep, the H2O was gone within hours of the rain ‘s passing. My metropolis has a population of about 52,000 people and nowhere near the fiscal assets of Jeddah † . ( Crossroads Arabia, 2010, p1 ) The yearss that followed the inundations witnessed an unprecedented moving ridge of indignation in Saudi Arabia over the incompetency of the authorities in forestalling the inundations, which assumed the overtones of a calamity of great magnitude in footings of loss of lives and harm to belongings ( Alice & A ; King, 2009, p 1 ) . The episode besides resulted in terrible and all circular disapprobation of the inefficiency of town planning in Jeddah ( Alice & A ; King, 2009, p 1 ) . Numerous accusals of corruptness against authorities functionaries and members of the bureaucratism led to the suspension of legion responsible functionaries and the establishment of a public question ( Al-Sulami, 2010, p 1 ) . â€Å" Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah has ordered the instances of all those accused of complicity in the November inundations in Jeddah referred to the watchdog for authorities employees and the national prosecution organic structure†¦ The male monarch made it clear that offenses affecting fiscal and administrative corruptness would non be included in the list of offenses he may take to excuse subsequently † . ( Al-Sulami, 2010, p1 ) 1.2. Definition of Problem Recent decennaries have witnessed a batch of natural inundation related catastrophes of different dimensions with changing grades of eventful harm. Pakistan has really late, in early August 2010, experienced inundations of huge badness, which have resulted in more than 1500 deceases. The impact of the Indian Ocean Tsunami, where more than 100,000 lives were lost, will non be forgotten shortly ( National Geographic News, 2005, p 1 ) . A figure of cyclones damaged American metropoliss in the recent yesteryear and caused important harm to life and belongings ( Borland, 2010, p 1 ) . Environmental and ecological experts attribute the greater happening of such natural catastrophes in recent old ages to planetary heating and eventful climatic alteration ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) . With the impact of such climatic alteration non expected to slake in future, national and international policy shapers are working on assorted ploies to protect life and belongings from the effects of such environmental turbulencies ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) .1.3. AimGovernments across the universe are explicating and implementing customised programs and solutions for the protection of their citizens from the wrath of nature. Such programs evidently have to basically be bespoke in character and designed to protect against specific environmental menaces ( Carter, 2007, p 330 ) . Cities in hilly countries need to be protected from the effects of temblors and landslides, even as occupants of habitations near rivers, dikes, reservoirs and seas need to be protected from the onslaught of H2O ( Carter, 2007, p 330 ) . Plans to protect citizens from catastrophes must besides basically integrated catastrophe readying and catastrophe direction activities before, during and after the happening of catastrophes ( Carter, 2007, p 330 ) . The Saudi Government has evidenced high degrees of concern about the execution of inundation and catastrophe direction programs in the land and the overcoming of associated troubles and limitations ( A1SaudiArabia.com, 2010, p 1 ) . This thesis aims to look into the assorted hazards that can emerge from inundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is besides proposed to analyze the consequence of assorted factors that can dispute or blockade flood direction programs at Jeddah and the assorted programs and steps that can be implemented to get the better of such challenges.1.4. Purposes and AimsThe purposes and aims of this thesis, framed in conformity with the defined job and the intent of this survey, are now elaborated as under. To analyze the assorted grounds that led to the tremendous mayhem and devastation after the happening of the flash inundations in Jeddah on November 25, 2009. To analyze and measure the assorted hazards that can originate for life and belongings in the KSA because of unsuitable and unequal inundation direction patterns. To analyze the different issues concerned with flood direction as besides the deductions of such issues on hazard direction for concerned public and private bureaus and for members of the population. To analyze and understand the assorted deductions of be aftering on ecosystems with specific mention to Saudi Arabia. To urge specific schemes, programs and steps to protect the human population, animate being and works life, and single and organizational belongings, in KSA, from such challenges.1.5. StructureThis thesis has been structured to guarantee consecutive advancement of research findings, right from the introductory subdivision through the literature reappraisal, the pick of appropriate research methodological analysis, and the obtaining and analysis of informations to allow recommendations and decisions. The bibliography and assorted appendices used during the survey have been placed at the terminal of the thesis.2. Literature ReappraisalThis reappraisal of extant literature involves a elaborate survey of assorted facets of inundations, their grounds, their effects, and the assorted ways in which communities and societies are ( a ) seeking to forestall their happening, ( B ) understate their impact on the ecosystem, human and carnal life, and single and organizational belongings, and ( degree Celsius ) trade with their wake. Information beginnings have been chosen carefully for their relevancy to the Jeddah inundations of 2009, and to the broader issue of flood bar and direction in Saudi Arabia.2.1. Hazards from FloodsDeluging is widely accepted to be the first causal factor for loss of life and harm to belongings from natural events in legion parts of the universe ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . It is to lucubrate farther considered to be far more detrimental than other types of natural catastrophes or jeopardies like temblors and fires ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . The Munich Reinsurance Company, in a survey conducted in 2000, found that practically 50 % of loss of life and one tierce of economic losingss that took topographic point due to natural catastrophes, occurred because of implosion therapy ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . Damages from inundations have been peculiarly terrible in modern-day times ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . The last decennary in peculiar has witnessed a figure of inundation related catast rophes across the universe, which has resulted in widespread loss of life and amendss, amounting to 100s of one million millions of dollars, to belongings ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Whilst states like China and Bangladesh experience deluging with associated loss to lives and belongings really often, other states, like Saudi Arabia, for illustration, seldom face inundations ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . However when inundations do happen in such countries, their force, impact and eventful flood is no less severe than in inundation prone parts ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . It is apparent that all populated countries across the universe face hazards from implosion therapy, even as some societies are far more vulnerable than others to deluge jeopardies ( Alexander, 2006, p 1 ) . Again whilst some societies have come to understand the harm that can be caused by inundations and have adopted suited steps to understate associated harm, many others continue to be caught off guard and are found to be unprepared, to a great extent, when inundations occur ; such insufficiencies exist both in understating the harm from such inundations and in taking appropriate station catastrophe action ( Alexander, 2006, p 1 ) . The members of such under protected societies therefore frequently experience far more loss to life and belongings than those of better prepared communities ( Alexander, 2006, p 1 ) . The rapid and progressive addition in planetary population has led to the demand for people to settle in new and hitherto unpeopled countries, some of which are known to be prone to natural jeopardies ( Boruff & A ; Cutter, 2007, p 24 ) . Saudi Arabia for case is sing uninterrupted addition in its population, much of which is fuelled by the influx of people from other states, who come in hunt of employment in the oil rich and fast turning Saudi economic system ( Boruff & A ; Cutter, 2007, p 24 ) . The motion of people on history of political, societal and economic grounds frequently leads to the development of habitation in countries that could be prone to deluging events ( Boruff & A ; Cutter, 2007, p 24 ) . Floods are defined in insurance contracts as a â€Å" impermanent covering of land by H2O as a consequence of surface Waterss get awaying from their normal confines or as a consequence of heavy precipitation. † ( Kron, 2005 P 58 ) They can be categorised into three distinguishable categories, viz. ( a ) storm surges, ( B ) river inundations and ( degree Celsius ) flash inundations ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Apart from these three types of inundations, deluging can besides happen because of specific grounds like the happening of tsunamis, interruptions in dike, lifting of land H2O, and glacial lake effusions ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Storm surges occur chiefly on the seashores of large lakes, seas, and oceans ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) . They have in the past been the ground for the greatest losingss to life and belongings that have occurred because of natural H2O related catastrophes ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) . Whilst developed states are strengthening their seashores in order to understate the harm from such happenings, storm rushs continue to be a major menace in coastal countries across the universe ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) . River inundations occur after heavy and uninterrupted rainfall for many yearss, and even hebdomads, over well big geographical parts ( Changnon, 1996, p 14-32 ) . Impregnation of dirt in such instances consequences in the inability of the land surface to absorb H2O indefinitely and farther rainfall consequences in H2O running straight into watercourses and rivers ( Changnon, 1996, p 14-32 ) . Such inundations by and large grow bit by bit, even though they can sometimes happen within short periods, and can impact really big countries, particularly where land topography is level ( Changnon, 1996, p 14-32 ) . Whilst river inundations in narrow vales lead to flood of little strips of land alongside rivers, the deepnesss of such flood and speed of H2O can be overly high and lead to tremendous devastation of life and belongings in affected countries ( Changnon, 1996, p 14-32 ) . Whilst river inundations occur from river based H2O beginnings and non from seas or oceans, their consequence is frequently greater than that of deluging caused by seas ( Changnon, 1996, p 14-32 ) . Flash inundations are preponderantly local events, which occur in a scattered mode at different times across the universe ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . Such inundations come about after the happening of intense rainfall in a short geographical country ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . The rate of infiltration of H2O into the land in such instances is much slower than the rate of precipitation, even though the land may non be to the full saturated ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . Flash inundations frequently occur really all of a sudden and flood moving ridges can hotfoot to distant but immediate locations in really short periods ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . Whilst the prediction of brassy inundations is really hard because of the highly little period between its first indicant and existent happening and the existent period of happening of rainfall is short, their possible for devastation is huge ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . Such inundations occur non merely in steep terrains, where H2O ca n flux fleetly, but besides in level countries where land inclines are excessively less for the happening of fleet storm H2O overflows ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . Water in such state of affairss collects on the surface in barely noticeable depressions and in other countries like belowground parking tonss, cellars and metros ( Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15 ) . Deluging besides occurs because of H2O logging when widespread and uninterrupted rains inundate big traps of land ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) .2.2. Impact of Eco Systems on FloodsEnvironmental experts province that whilst clime alteration is perchance act uponing the inordinate rainfall that has been harrying Asia in the last few old ages, the purposeful and progressive devastation of eco systems by worlds is playing a greater function in the intensification of the badness of inundations ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Extensive deforestation, along with the transition of wet lands to sprawling urban development and the blocking of natural drainage systems are escalating the impact of inundations ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . A figure of environmental experts agree that whilst much of the modern twenty-four hours jobs associated with environmental issues are being attributed to climate alteration, the badness of natural catastrophes is really intensifying because of human devastation of natural substructure ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Millions of people are constructing places along flood fields and increasing refuse is barricading natural H2O ways ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . All across Asia, metropoliss are sing unplanned growing of urban conurbation, along with hapless land and waste direction ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Such developments are cut downing natural protective phenomena and exposing human life and belongings to opportunities of extended harm ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Obtaining a true apprehension of eco system services in the safeguarding of human well being is hard because of the scope of factors that can both protect and harm worlds during natural catastrophes ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) . The following tabular array illustrates the assorted ways in which eco systems play of import functions in inundation ordinance ( Castonguay, 2007, p 820 ) .Key Role of Ecosystems in Regulating Extreme EventsEcosystemRole in Flood RegulationCultivatedCrop screen provides flood protection, conditioned on good directionDry landProtection through flora screen ; recharge of aquifersForestProtection from inundations supplying inundation fading and dirt loss barUrbanMove people off from flood-prone countries, conditioned on good urban planningInland WatersProvide mechanisms for inundation fading potency ( wetlands, lakes, etc. )CoastalBenefits from sediment conveyance to the coastal zone ; inundation protection provided by coastal ecosystems ( barrier beaches, Rhizophora mangles, etc. )Devil dogBenefits from alimentary conveyance to the oceansPolarDischarge ordinance to oceans in the Arctic system ( freshwater proviso to Arctic oceans )MountainsRegulating flood-related events ( slope stableness )IslandsBenefits from sediment conveyance to oceans through inundations from the mainland ; aquifer recharge as chief beginning of fresh H2O ( Beginning: Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 444 )2.3. Role of Spatial Planning in Flood Prevention and ControlIncreased exposure to implosion therapy of different types is happening across the universe because of devastation of protective eco systems like Rhizophora mangles, coral reefs and inundation fields ( Alterman, 2001, p 7-19 ) . Catastrophes have been found to be higher in parts that have suffered from greater environmental debasement ( Alterman, 2001, p 7-19 ) . Many states experience terrible jobs from inundations at irregular but frequent intervals ( Chan & A ; Parker, 1996, p 313 ) . The traditional attack taken by such states for decrease of inundation control consists chiefly of ( a ) steps like building of butchs and dikes, and ( B ) betterments to canals, channels, and drainage systems ( Chan & A ; Parker, 1996, p 313 ) . Many of such programmes have been adopted specifically for metropoliss and demarcated agricultural countries and have involved the deployment of a limited scope of technology activities for the overcoming of deluging jobs ( Chan & A ; Parker, 1996, p 313 ) . Whilst some of these solutions have proven to be utile, others have ended up in worsening inundation harm ( De Cola, 2002, p 363 ) . Many western states are now recognizing the insufficiency of inundation direction programmes that are entirely dependent upon structural steps ( De Cola, 2002, p 363 ) . Western states are progressively prosecuting in deployment of non-structural methods for inundation bar ( Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82 ) . Such steps aim to understate losingss through commanding urban and indirect development in countries at hazard from inundations ( Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82 ) . Non-structural steps are by and big utilized along with a scope of structural steps in order to make comprehensive systems for covering with inundation jobs ( Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82 ) . Many such programmes with non-structural constituents have nevertheless met with partial success because of jobs associated with zoning of land and resettlement of people ( Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82 ) . â€Å" Comprehensive inundation jeopardy direction is the most effectual manner to turn to inundation control issues. It incorporates a assortment of technology, environmental protection and planning steps. It includes inundation field direction, inundation control care activities, storm H2O direction, shoreline direction, protection of often flooded countries under Growth Management, watershed direction, other inundation hazard extenuation activities, and readying for inundation catastrophes where extenuation activities can non forestall implosion therapy. † ( MRSC, 2010, p1 ) Experts agree that spacial direction, which includes both structural and non-structural steps, can significantly assist in forestalling and cut downing the impact of natural catastrophes ( Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82 ) . Such be aftering basically contains the undermentioned elements: Early on warning system: Spatial planning will win merely if it is based upon sound information on the part under consideration. This calls for the debut and execution of suited methods for acquisition and measuring of informations about environmental jeopardies. Risk Assessment and Mapping: The preparation of effectual systems for bar of inundation related catastrophes depends upon the handiness of comprehensive information on the causes and impact of deluging. Such systems require the creative activity of appropriate models for appraisal and rating of inundations. Hydrological and geological information like thematic jeopardy maps can assist significantly in cut downing loss of life and belongings because of inundations. Prevention and Decrease: Spatial planning attempts require the analysis of assorted inter-relationships between spacial planning and the happening of inundations. Appropriate spacial theoretical accounts can be discussed and established merely on the footing of consequences of such analysis. Hazard direction: Spatial planning, to be effectual, needs to carefully look at assorted elements of substructure like emptying paths and safety infinites, which can assist safeguard and unafraid persons during the happening of inundations. Reconstruction: Spatial planning is of utmost importance during Reconstruction after catastrophes, when reconstructing has to be suitably executed in order to extinguish past insufficiencies and fix for future developments. ( Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82 )2.4. Prevention, Management and Control of Flood CatastrophesSpatial planning, whilst highly of import for extenuation of the impact of inundations is merely one of a figure of dimensions that have to be considered, when be aftering for bar, direction, and control of inundation catastrophes. Some highly of import facets of inundation control are detailed in the undermentioned sub-sections ( Haeuber & A ; Michener, 1998, p 74 ) .2.4.1. Vulnerability Analysis and MappingA exposure analysis aims to measure the hazards faced by constructions and populations within inundation prone countries ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Such analysis assesses the possible impact of implosion therapy by manner of harm to roads, Bridgess, edifices and critica l public-service corporations ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Vulnerability analysis is executed for different chance degrees of inundations and leads to the development of an elevation-damage curve ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Such an analysis, by placing high hazard populations, is utile for preparation of needed exigency responses in footings of emptying and impermanent shelters ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . A exposure analysis besides helps in make up one's minding acceptable hazard degrees and the degree for which protection is indispensable ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Function is closely associated with exposure analysis and represents a elaborate definition of hazard prone countries ( Kaschube, 2006, p 50 ) . Mapping is an of import cardinal activity for all types of inundation readying programmes ( Kaschube, 2006, p 50 ) . With such maps frequently holding legal deductions with respect to zoning and the executing of structural and non-structural inundation control actions, they must be believable and accurate ( Kaschube, 2006, p 50 ) . Such function by and big takes topographic point on the frequence of inundation events and along with exposure analysis provides a footing for all inundation control steps ( Kaschube, 2006, p 50 ) .2.4.2. Protection of Flood Prone LandsVulnerability analysis and function provide critical inputs for the preparation of policies and programmes for commanding the incidence and impact of countries that are susceptible to inundations ( Johnson, et Al, 2007, p 374 ) . Policies and programmes for effectual inundation cont rol frequently envisage carefully thought out controls over fresh development in inundation prone countries, along with programmes for decrease of harm to bing development ( Johnson, et Al, 2007, p 374 ) . Such policies are needed to restrict the increasing economic and societal losingss that come about from inundations ( Johnson, et Al, 2007, p 374 ) . Flood control programmes should in the first topographic point focal point on alternate use of lands confronting inundation hazards ( Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60 ) . It is frequently better to district such lands and utilize them for Parkss or other nature countries, instead than to believe of steps to protect future development from inundations ( Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60 ) . Zoning along with appropriate steps for inundation proofing can assist significantly in extenuation of amendss from future inundations ( Lerner, 1998, p 35 ) . However the concluding public-service corporation of such steps depends upon care and enforcement ( Lerner, 1998, p 35 ) . Many local governments, who are under developmental force per unit area, have shown inclinations to loosen up their base on inundation control as old ages pass by without the happening of inundations ( Lerner, 1998, p 35 ) .2.4.3. Climatological Forecasting and Geographic Information SystemsSignificant progresss in techniques and m ethods for climatological prediction have now made it a really utile tool for extenuation of deluging hazards ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . Such prediction entails the correlativity of utmost events to major changes in ocean and atmospheric circulation forms ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . The designation of such forms helps in calculating storm activity with well greater truth than what could be done in the yesteryear ( Kron, 2000, p 570-581 ) . Climatological prediction provides of import information for betterment of exigency response preparedness ( Kron, 2000, p 570-581 ) . Such prognosiss are besides helpful for increasing handiness of reservoir storage and for constructing consciousness of deluging possible ( Kron, 2000, p 570-581 ) . Such steps can decrease flooding badness, as and when inundations occur ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . Forecasting of utmost implosion therapy can assist local governments in taking preventative actions such as stacking up of sand bags, set uping for supp lies of nutrient and H2O, and taking high value goods ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . Climatological prediction helps in constructing public consciousness of the possible impact of inundations, foregrounding expected public responses, and transporting out drills to measure grade of readiness ( Kron, 2000, p 570-581 ) . Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) represent package driven information and direction systems that help in prediction of H2O flows and in development of exigency responses ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . Such systems use informations from assorted beginnings, combine them appropriately, and thenceforth supply information for specific locations ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . Data on vegetive screen is for illustration combined with information on dirt and incline of land to measure infiltration rates for intents of prediction ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . Climatological prediction and geographical information systems, when used in combination, can be helpful in supplying information for the pickings of a scope of precautional steps for the extenuation of the impact of inundations ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) .2.4.4. Structural MeasuresStructural steps represent the project of a broad scope of infrastructur al activities that aim to protect parts from the desolation that can be caused by inundations ( Munich Re, 2000, p 1-5 ) . Such structural steps mostly consist of protective infrastructural development like reservoirs for inundation storage, the recreation of inundation H2O for storage in side channels or to other H2O sheds, and the edifice of storm channels that can transport H2O around hazard prone countries ( Munich Re, 2000, p 1-5 ) . These structural steps can be built to guarantee assorted protection degrees and can assist significantly in decrease of inundation harm ( MRSC, 2010, p1 ) . The building of structural work is influenced by ( a ) determined criterions for protection against inundations, ( B ) costs and benefits of planned constructions, and ( degree Celsius ) the demand to fulfill determined hazard degrees ( MRSC, 2010, p1 ) . The project of protective substructure is of import when ( a ) significant substructure is already in topographic point, and ( B ) the costs of protecting such development is expected to be well less than what can be expected to originate out of resettlement of such substructure, lost economic activity, Reconstruction of damaged substructure, or catastrophe alleviation and aid ( Pelling, 2003, p 8-23 ) . The illustration of Winnipeg in Canada underlines the importance of battle in appropriate structural steps ( Pelling, 2003, p 8-23 ) . Structural inundation protection steps amounting to USD 92 million were completed for the metropolis in the sixtiess ( Pelling, 2003, p 8-23 ) . It is estimated that these constructions minimised the impact of five inundations that occurred since so and prevented amendss that would hold cost about USD 2 billion to mend ( Pelling, 2003, p 8-23 ) . The hard-on of protective substructure frequently leads to increase in developmental activities in countries that are at hazard from inundations, because of premises that such countries become safe from inundations after the executing of structural step ( Hultman & A ; Bozmoski, 2006, p 25 ) . Such premises can nevertheless turn out to be misplaced and lead to over development with attendant addition in the exposure of such countries to inundations. Storage dikes can turn out to be highly unsafe when development in environing countries exceeds specified thresholds, because unforeseen degrees of rainfall can take to fleet addition in H2O degrees, thereby doing exigency and emptying responses really disputing ( Hultman & A ; Bozmoski, 2006, p 25 ) . Structural work, to be successful against inundation protection, must be accompanied by systematic and established programmes for appraisal, fix and care, in order to keep originally specified design capablenesss. Canals, channels, and butchs, may, for illustration, be weakened by progressive eroding, motion of animate beings or hard-on of public-service corporation installations. Such infrastructural work demand to be subjected to carefully thought out safety programmes, in conformity with established guidelines and criterions. All new building allowed in inundation prone countries should integrate inundation protection steps in order to cut down the potency for future harm ( Kahn, 2005, p 271-284 ) . Constructing codifications should integrate steps for cut downing flood harm by guaranting that of import public-service corporations are located above expected floor degrees ( Kahn, 2005, p 271-284 ) . Items that can non be moved off easy should non be allowed to be stored in cellars or land floors ( Kahn, 2005, p 271-284 ) . Whilst leting new development, attention must be taken to guarantee that such development will non take to important addition of flood Waterss and thereby addition hazards to the complete country ( Kahn, 2005, p 271-284 ) . Protection of bing constructions from inundations is frequently a challenging and expensive procedure ( Handmer, 1987, p 51-58 ) . Some authoritiess have related station inundation catastrophe aid to the committedness of Reconstruction methods that will cut down future amendss from inundations ( Handmer, 1987, p 51-58 ) . Such a scheme becomes specifically utile where deluging takes topographic point frequently and pecuniary aid for catastrophe aid is an built-in constituent of catastrophe policies ( Pielke Jr. , 2000, p 5-12 ) . Flood protection of bing constructions and edifices can integrate steps like raising the degree of constructions to forestall future injury, motion of public-service corporations, change in usage of edifices, puting up of protective walls, edifice of waterproof enclosures, and use of stuffs that are immune to H2O and can be restored easy after inundation events ( Pielke Jr. , 2000, p 5-12 ) . The resettlement of bing constructions to other countries that are at lesser hazards from inundations is besides a possible, though hard option ( Newson, 1997, p 22-36 ) . Resettlement for peculiarly vulnerable constructions may nevertheless be imperative in certain instances, despite the associated troubles and disbursals ( Newson, 1997, p 22-36 ) . Particular edifices may be at such great hazard that no sum of inundation proofing steps may be sufficient to guarantee coveted degrees of safety ( Newson, 1997, p 22-36 ) . Local governments need to be steadfast in such state of affairss and guarantee resettlement in order to forestall extended loss to belongings and life in future inundation events ( Newson, 1997, p 22-36 ) . Numerous critical public-service corporation services like power lines, H2O pipes and telephone overseas telegrams frequently cross flood prone countries and acquire well damaged during inundation events, with attendant break to normal life, trouble in execution of exigency alleviation steps, and increased dangers from disease and epidemics ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Such public-service corporations can be efficaciously protected against the dangers of implosion therapy by taking attention to guarantee excess burial deepness, better criterions for open parts, and arrangement of constituents above expected inundation degrees ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . Particular attention demands to be taken for hard-on of H2O supply and intervention substructure ( Hickcox, 1994, p 27 ) . Such constitutions are frequently located in inundation prone countries, despite their importance for safety of human wellness, both during the class of and subsequent to deluge events ( Hickcox, 1994, p 27 ) . Care must be taken to protect such constructions from inundations and their design should guarantee bar of cross taint from sewerage or inundation Waterss ( Hickcox, 1994, p 27 ) . Bridges by and big cut down H2O flows and frequently lead to the formation of unreal dikes, when dust collides and builds up on such constructions ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . The hydraulic characteristics of Bridgess and roads in inundation prone countries must be assessed during their design phase in order to forestall undue addition of upstream H2O degrees ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Bridges play of import functions in care of entree for the remotion of affected people and for transit of exigency and medical service ( Haeuber & A ; Michener, 1998, p 74 ) . Important transit corridors should be designed and built to criterions necessary for their withstanding of deluging events ( Haeuber & A ; Michener, 1998, p 74 ) . It is of import to implement needed criterions and codifications for countries at hazard from inundations ( Haeuber & A ; Michener, 1998, p 74 ) . Whilst most developmental experts agree that such criterions are every bit of import as the planning and executing o f structural inundation control methods, strong inclinations frequently arise amongst planning and local governments to divert from of import and carefully formulated regulations with the transition of clip, as memories of inundations and their effects bit by bit melt away ( Haeuber & A ; Michener, 1998, p 74 ) . Suitable enforcement ordinances including application of punishments need to be incorporated into care procedures in order to guarantee the continuation and effectivity of assorted inundation control steps ( Lerner, 1998, p 35 ) . Audited account processs for look intoing the effectivity of coveted inundation control steps should in the normal class be carried out by impartial checking bureaus, along with engagement of interested parties, in order to guarantee satisfaction of laid down criterions and codifications ( Lerner, 1998, p 35 ) . The debut of governmental ordinances naming for confirmation of required designed lifts or satisfaction of inundation proofing methods can significantly assist in betterment of inundation control measures on appropriately broad graduated tables ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . The engagement of imparting Bankss and insurance companies can assist in this procedure, because of the involvement of such bureaus in safeguarding their inve stings ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) .2.4.5. Non structural stepsThe usage of non structural steps for inundation bar and control are peculiarly relevant in inundation prone countries that are yet to be developed ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Whilst non structural steps complement structural attacks in developed countries where extra development is being thought of and planned, they can besides be used independently in countries that are barely developed ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . Planning of land usage by local or municipal governments can assist significantly in cut downing amendss from future inundations ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . The land aboard river Bankss, lakes and seas can be developed for Parkss, walk ways and other recreational uses ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . Supportive substructure by manner of field day installations and rinsing and altering suites can be safeguarded against inundations ( Kahn, 2005, p 271-284 ) . These countries can besides be used for undertakings like golf classs ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . It is of import to guarantee than programs for inundation prone countries are integrated into broader developmental programs for contagious and environing parts ( Penning-Rowsell & A ; Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38 ) . The best method for decrease of amendss from inundations in inundation prone countries is by bar of development in such lands ( Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60 ) . Zoning of land dramas an of import function in such exercisings ( Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60 ) . Such zoning can be efficaciously used to understate inundation harm and yet suit other compatible types of land usage ( Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60 ) . Whilst flood prone lands can be utilised for agricultural intents, it should be ensured that back uping constructions are either safeguarded from inundations, or located at a distance from such countries ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) . It is of import to guarantee that people, farm animal, equipment and shops can be removed fleetly in the event of inundation warnings ( Kron, 2005, p 58-68 ) .2.4.7. Civic Disaster Management Systems and PracticesWhilst it is accepted that catastrophes strike at random and in the unlikeliest of topographic points and as such can non be avoided, surveies of metropolis planning reveal that the impact of such catastrophes can be greatly mitigated through carefully planned and good enforced catastrophe response and direction systems ( Hultman & A ; Bozmoski, 2006, p 25 ) . Cities and towns are prone to a scope of catastrophes from events like temblors, storms and inundations ( Hultman & A ; Bozmoski, 2006, p 25 ) . Disaster response and direction programs are developed after analyzing assorted facets of the catastrophes that can happen and their deductions for specific urban habitations ( Kahn, 2005, p 271-284 ) . Such surveies include probe and analysis of physical and geographical facets, location of countries of exposure, appraisal of available resources, development and acquisition of needed resources and assorted civic activities by disposal governments, on their ain and in coaction with occupants for reacting to and pull offing catastrophes ( Kahn, 2005, p 271-284 ) . Vulnerability can happen because of assorted factors like over development, mass fold and presence of risky stuffs ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . Disaster direction programs have to pay peculiar attending to extremely vulnerable countries ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . Disaster direction is basically the duty of civic functionaries who need to develop and hold mechanisms in topographic point for supplying needed alleviation to affected countries and populations every bit fleetly as possible ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . Such readying includes arrested development of duty, development of response squads carry oning of suited preparation and orientation exercisings and set uping for appropriate communicating and transit installations that will run in times of catastrophe ( Kotter, 2003, p 78-86 ) . Public consciousness sing impact of catastrophes and required public response drama really of import functions in creative activity of public consciousness and engagement ( Hultman & A ; Bozmoski, 2006, p 25 ) . Such consciousness is built through different signifiers of communicating, the retention of workshops and seminars and the conducting of appropriate drills ( Hultman & A ; Bozmoski, 2006, p 25 ) . Insurance is really of import to force in the inauspicious impacts of catastrophes. Public consciousness for insurance of life and belongings against catastrophes helps non merely in creative activities of consciousness but in existent steps for protection of life and belongings ( Johnson, et Al, 2007, p 374 ) . The engagement of insurance companies besides automatically leads to the execution of a figure of precautional steps that reinforce catastrophe response and direction attempts ( Johnson, et Al, 2007, p 374 ) . It has been seen clip and once more that readiness for catastrophes tends to melt with the passing of clip after the happening of great catastrophes ( Guenni, et Al, 2005, p 1 ) . This non merely leads to unpreparedness but besides nullifies the attempts and outgo that were made in the wake of old catastrophes ( Kaschube, 2006, p 50 ) . The care of a high degree of watchfulness is therefore the most of import component of a successful catastrophe response and direction programme ( Kaschube, 2006, p 50 ) .2.4.8. Impact of Floods at JeddahFlash inundations hit the town of Jeddah on the forenoon of Wednesday November 25, 2009 ( Al-Bargi, A. , 2009, p 1 ) . Heavy rain since the forenoon led to H2O logging and increase in H2O degrees in many parts of the metropolis ( Al-Bargi, A. , 2009, p 1 ) . The metropolis experienced rainfall that usually occurs in a twelvemonth in the desert metropolis in merely four hours ( Al-Bargi, A. , 2009, p 1 ) . Whilst some municipality vehicles were brought into service for pumping out H2O, their degrees continued to lift and the resulting downpour swept off autos, piled them up into mangled tonss of Fe and wholly submerged them in some parts of the metropolis ( Alice & A ; King, 2009, p 1 ) . Many of the deceases in the metropolis occurred either because of submerging or in auto clangs ( Alice & A ; King, 2009, p 1 ) . Some people were reportedly killed because of fall ining of Bridgess ( Alice & A ; King, 2009, p 1 ) . Eye informants province that alleviation was non forthcoming in any manner from the metropolis disposal governments and people were unable to see police autos or civil defense mechanism choppers ( Al-Sulami, 2010, p 1 ) . The inundations revealed a entire absence of exigency response and catastrophe direction systems in the metropolis ( Al-Sulami, 2010, p 1 ) . Whilst the rains were so heavy during the few hours for which they occurred, it needs to be realised that around three inches of H2O fell within four on November 25, a figure that is laughably low in comparing to the rainfall that occurs during the monsoons in metropoliss like Mumbai, where life ‘s goes on without break despite much greater incidence of rainfall ( Asia News, 2009, p 1 ) . An probe of past media studies reveals that the authorities had allocated and exhausted 1000000s of dollars in developing the substructure and drainage of the metropolis ( Al-Zahrani, 2009, p 1 ) . Despite such outgo, the metropolis lacked a sewerage system and family and other waste used to be stored in belowground Ce armored combat vehicles, from which it was evacuated by trucks and dumped into the musk lake, situated at the short distance from the metropolis ( Al-Zahrani, 2009, p 1 ) . It is estimated that about 1200 oilers of waste arising from the metropolis has been dumped everyday in the lake for decennaries ( AL-Ahmed, 2009, p 1 ) . The absence of a sewerage system raised the apparition of taint of the metropolis ‘s imbibing H2O by overruning cess armored combat vehicles and led to frights of disease and epidemics. Even today, merely 30 % of the metropolis is protected by drainage ( AL-Ahmed, 2009, p 1 ) . The studies that followed the inundations were incensed and reproachful of the indifference of the Royal Family and the inefficiency, corruptness, apathy and unpreparedness of the disposal, many of whom had been diverted to Haj responsibility at Mecca ( AL-Ahmed, 2009, p 1 ) . â€Å" Many Saudis are inquiring how such a calamity could happen in one of the universe ‘s richest states and in its second-largest and most widely distributed cityaˆÂ ¦ Jeddah is a great illustration of corruptionaˆÂ ¦ The Al Saud folk, led by the male monarch, has ruled since 1932 bears all the incrimination for the catastrophe in Jeddah and all the authorities failures for the past 80 yearsaˆÂ ¦No one should fault lazy municipal workers or rip offing contractors, or even senior authorities functionaries who work under the Al Saud. Simply, we must fault the foreman, the large foreman. That ‘s where the vaulting horse stops. † ( Al Ahmed, 2009, p1 ) The strength of local and international reaction to the unpreparedness of the metropolis has resulted in the induction of a figure of disciplinary and preparative stairss. Some of these are elaborate below. Complete H2O drainage from a lake behind a precautional dike. Review and probe of all programs and systems for direction of crises and exigencies Construction of big sewerage grapevines above the land for emptying sewerage into the sea. Installation of pipes for connexion of H2O in Al-Samr Dam Construction of a 3rd clay dike to move as a 2nd line of defense mechanism to defy the flood from the lake to the north drainage canal. Expansion of sewerage intervention works near the lake Connection of the metropolis to the GPS2.5. Research QuestionsDetailed survey of relevant literature, along with due consideration of the purposes and aims of the thesis, lead to the framing of the undermentioned research inquiries: